|
B.C.E | Error | Advance | Event | Reference | Details |
-4139.25 | +/- 0 | . | Creation of Adam | . | More on Creation |
. | . | +130.50 | Gen. 5:3 | Why 130.5 and not 130.0? | |
-4008.75 | +/-0.5 | . | Seth born | . | Why an error of +/-0.5? |
. | . | +105.50 | . | Gen. 5:6 | . |
-3903.25 | +/-1 | . | Enosh born | . | . |
. | . | +90.50 | . | Gen. 5:9 | . |
-3812.75 | +/-1.5 | . | Cainan born | . | . |
. | . | +70.50 | . | Gen. 5:12 | . |
-3742.25 | +/-2 | . | Mahalal'ayl born | . | . |
. | . | +65.50 | . | Gen. 5:15 | . |
-3676.75 | {+1.88 | -2.5} | Jered born | . | . | |
. | . | +162.50 | . | Gen. 5:18 | . |
-3514.25 | {+1.38 | -2} | Enoch born | . | . | |
. | . | +65.50 | . | Gen. 5:21 | . |
-3448.75 | {+0.88| -1.5} | . | Methuselah born | . | . |
. | . | +187.50 | . | Gen. 5:25 | . |
-3261.25 | +/-1 | . | Lemekh born | . | . |
. | . | +182.50-0.75c | . | Gen. 5:28 | . |
-3079.50 | +/-0.5 | . | Noah born | . | The Noah to Arphaxshad Connection |
. | . | +502.50-0.75c | To Shem | Gen. 5:32 | Why the -0.75c? |
. | . | +600.00-0.75c | To 600th Year | Gen. 7:11 | . |
-2577.75 | {2.25 | -0.75} | Shem born | . | . | |
. | . | +100.5-0.75c | To Arphaxshad | Gen. 11:10 | . |
-2480.25 | +/-0.5 | . | Begin Noah's 600th year | . | . |
. | . | +0.63 | . | Explanation | . |
-2479.62 | +/-0 | . | The Flood | Gen. 7:11 | Flood details |
. | . | +0.37 | . | Explanation | . |
-2479.25 | {+1,-0} | . | First Year following flood | . | . |
. | . | +1.0 | To Second Year After the Flood | . | . |
. | +/-0.5 | . | Begin Noah's 601st year | . | . |
-2478.75 | +/-0 | . | The Ground is Dry | Gen. 8:13 | . |
-2478.593 | +/-0 | . | The Disembarking | Gen 8:14 | Why not 1656 years? |
-2478.25 | {+1,-0} | . | Second Year following flood | Gen. 11:10 | . |
. | . | +0.25 | . | Explanation | . |
-2478.00 | {+1.75 | -0.25} | Arpakhshad born | . | Back to Shem | |
. | . | +35.50-0.75c | . | Gen. 11:12 | . |
-2443.25 | {+2.25 | -0.75} | Shelakh born | . | . | |
. | . | +30.50-0.75c | . | Gen. 11:14 | . |
-2413.50 | {+2.75 | -1.25} | Eber born | . | . | |
. | . | +34.50-0.75c | . | Gen. 11:16 | . |
-2379.75 | {+2.75 | -1.75} | Peleg born | . | . | |
. | . | +30.50-0.75c | . | Gen. 11:18 | . |
-2350.00 | {+2.25 | -2.25} | Reu born | . | . | |
. | . | +32.50-0.75c | . | Gen. 11:20 | . |
-2318.25 | {+1.75 | -2.5 } | Serug born | . | . | |
. | . | +30.50-0.75c | . | Gen. 11:22 | . |
-2288.50 | {+1.25 | -2.75} | Nahor born | . | . | |
. | . | +29.50-0.75c | . | Gen. 11:24 | . |
-2259.75 | {+0.75 | -2.25} | Terakh born | . | . | |
. | . | +130.00-0.75c | To Abram's birth | Explanation | Why 130? |
. | . | +205.0-0.75c | To 205th Year | Gen. 11:32 | . |
. | . | +140.0-0.75c | To Sarah's birth | Explanation | . |
-2130.00 | +/-0.5 | . | Abram born | . | . |
. | . | +75.00-0.75c | To 75th Year | Gen. 12:4 | . |
. | . | +86.00-0.75c | To Ishmael's birth (86th Year) | Gen. 16:16 | . |
. | . | +99.00-0.75c | To 99th Year | Gen. 17:24 | . |
. | . | +100.00-0.75c | To Isaac's birth | Gen. 21:5 | . |
-2120.5 | . | . | Sarah born | . | Back to Terakh |
. | . | +127.50-0.75c | To death | Gen. 23:1 | . |
-2061.75 | +/-0 | . | God Appears to Abram in Ur | . | Why not at age 75? |
. | . | +430.00 | To Exodus | . | . |
-2056.25 | +/-0.5 | . | Begin Abraham's 75th year | . | . |
-2055.50 | {+0.75|-2.25 } | . | Begin Terah's 205th year | . | . |
. | . | +0.25 | To Abraham's leaving | . | . |
-2055.375 | . | . | Death of Terah in 205th year. | . | . |
-2055.25 | {+0.5|-1.5 };
±0.5 |
. | Abraham leaves Harran; End 75th Year | Acts 7:4b; Gen. 12:1-4 | Why at Age 75? |
. | . | +24.5-0.75c | To Isaac's Conception | Explanation | . |
. | . | +10.0 | . | (Gen. 16:3) | . |
For dates b.c.e.:
Decimal | English Date | Hebrew Date | Season |
0.00 | January 1 | Kislev/Tebeth | Winter |
0.25 | March/April | Nisan 1 | Spring |
0.50 | July 21 | Shosh/Av | Summer |
0.75 | Sept/October | Tishri 1 | Fall |
The decimal's {0.25 c.e., 0.75 c.e.} have a special interpretation
in terms of the Biblical calendar. The ending 0.25 means sunset beginning
the first day of the first month, viz. Nisan 1 @ 0h, and 0.75 means sunset
beginning the first day of the seventh month, viz. Tishri 1 @ Oh.
The conventions
for {0.25 b.c.e., 0.75 b.c.e.} are reverse of .c.e. For dates b.c.e.
0.25 means the first day of the seventh month, and 0.75 means the first day of
the first month.
This notation allows long
calculations without error. When mixing B.C.E. calculations with C.E.
calculations, viz. going across b.c.e./c.e., always assume the b.c.e. date as
negative, and the c.e. date as positive. For example to compute the age of
the world, take creation 4139.25 b.c.e. (fall 4140), and the present
1995.75 c.e. (fall, 1996). The calculation is AGE = | -4139.25 - 1995.75 |
= 6,135.0 years old! Note: this is absolute decimal age, not an enumerated
year!
The
standard civil year is fall to fall (Tishri 1 to Tishri 1). The common
religious year is spring to spring (Nisan 1 to Nisan 1). To compute the
enumerated standard civil year anno mundi, find the absolute value of the
difference between that date and creation (4139.25 b.c.e.), and round up
to the nearest whole. For example = Nisan 1, 2000 c.e. = 1999.25 c.e.
would be A.M. = |-4139.25 - 1999.25 | = 6138.5. Round up to 6139
A.H To find out which year this is in the sabbatical cycle, divide
it by 7, truncate the whole number portion of the result, and multiply by
7. A zero result is the seventh year, a nonzero result is the year in the
cycle. Viz. 6139/7 = 877, which means that is a sabbatical
year. On the other hand the present year 6136/7 = 876.5714286;
truncating yeilds 0.5714286; multiply by 7 yields 4. So this year is the
4th year of the cycle. To find the Jubilee year cycle substitute 49
for 7 and repeat the calculation. Hence 6136/49 = 125.2244893.
Truncate -> 0.2244893; times 49 -> 11. Therefore, it is the 11th
year of
the cycle. If the result is 1, then it is
the year of Jubilee.
Age is always counted {0, 1, 2,
3, ... } years from either the moment of conception or birth. It is never
counted {1, 2, 3, ... }. For example, at birth age is 0.0, and is said to
be 0 years until age 1.0, so that between 1.0 and 2.0 years the age is the 1st
year. The notation "c" means conception moment, and
"b" means birth moment. To find the nth year of a persons life,
add n years to the moment of conception or birth. The result is the moment beginning the nth year, denoted
by nthB. The nth year lasts
till year n+1, denoted by nthE ("E" for end). For example,
Jack is conceived in 2000.00. Therefore 1stB = 2000.00 + 1 = 2001.00, and
1stE = 2000.00 + n + 1 = 2002.00. Always assume b.c.e. negative, and c.e.
positive. The formula for the Nth year is then: NthB = {c | b} + N, and
NthE = {c|b} + N + 1. The notation { x | y } is standard for "either
x or y".
Eras, judgeships, and oppressions are enumerated {1, 2, 3, ... }. The
beginning of the Nth year of an Era (c.e.), etc., is found by the following
formula:. NthB = EraB + N - 1. Hence the beginning of the130th year
of the world is: 130thB = -4139.25 + 130 - 1 = 4010.25 b.c.e. The
beginning of the 100th year from 4.0 b.c.e. is 100thB = -4.0 + 100 -1 = 95.0
c.e. The 32nd year from 1963.06 c.e. (about Jan 22, 1964) is 32ndB =
1963.06+32-1 = 1994.06 c.e. (i.e. 1995, ca. Jan 22). The begining of
the 40th year from 1631.75 b.c.e. is 40thB = -1631.75+40-1= 1592.75 b.c.e.
[Always assume b.c.e. as negative and c.e. as positive.]
The error
analysis is in two formats +/-n, or {+n | -m}. The second notation
is used where the upside error potential is different from the downside error
potential. At astronomical synchronisms, the error is +/-0, between two
synchronisms errors pile up until they converge. Converging points are in
bold type. Errors can also converge between other accurately known dates,
such as Isaac's birth. Those who try to tamper with this chronology need
to keep two things in mind. First any change within the error parameter
must be pursued until all its effects are known. Second, the chronology is
very close to the mean as it stands. It is within what is known as the
"standard deviation." Therefore, changes can easily result in
pushing a series of dates off the mean so far that the probablity of them being
a natural data set, derived from natural conditions approaches unbelievability.
The Creation
of the world took 6 days (see Exodus 20:8-11). The Sabbath commandment
leaves no room for a gap theory of any type. Yes the Hebrew of Gen. 1:2
probably does mean "became waste and wild," however, the gap theory
rests upon two mistaken assumptions. First, that a long period of
time is implied by "became," and second, that God would not begin by
creating a waste and wild earth. Granting that He did begin that way, the
Scripture
tells us how long the whole process took:
"For in six days Yahweh made the heavens and the earth, the sea, and all
that is in them" (Ex. 20:11). And that includes, the sun, the moon,
the stars, the planet we can earth, and even light itself on the first
day. "Day" can mean a period of time, but with "evening and
morning" it always means the usual notion of a day. So the only
way to have a gap theory is to contradict Exodus 20:11. That leaves the
second assumption. Would God begin with a waste and wild lump? The
Scripture does not say that He would not. So why make it say so.
When He was finished He said it was "very good," and that is
what counted.
It is the usual practice of chronologers to begin counting years from
creation. Hence, the first year would be Anno Mundi 1, or A.M. 1, or A.H.
1 if they like Anno Hominum. It might be preferable if all dates were true
A.M. dates, however, as confusion and corruption are the bread and butter
of heresy, such is not the common practice of people. Hence, I begin by
explaining all dates in terms of the common era. My use of the common era
designation (b.c.e./c.e.) reflects a bias, however, it is not the bias that some
may think. The common era is simply inaccurate as
applied to the "birth," or "age" (A.D. = year of our
Lord), of the Messiah.
The longest regular eras
in the Scripture are the sabbatic and Jubilee years, which relate to the land,
i.e. the earth, and these always date from the fall to the fall. This is
the basis of the civil year, from which all regnal years are dated, all
judgeships counted, and all oppressions are calculated. As God set up the
sabbatic system, it stands to reason that it synchronizes with creation, and
that creation is hence in the fall.
The only objection that
can be brought against this is that the first month begins in the spring near
the equinox. Numbering the months from the spring is the basis of the
religious year. The reason for this to keep exactly 7 months (inclusive)
between the spring and the fall festivals. For, if the months were
numbered otherwise, then the 13th month or II Adar would fall in August,
and the number of months from the spring to the fall would be variable.
The Creation of
the world was in 4139.25 b.c.e., that is the fall of 4140 b.c.e. This
date, of course, can only be completely verified by reading through the entire
chronology and checking each step along the way, until a known historical date
can be linked up with it (such as the destruction of the first Temple in 586
b.c.e.). And technically one should read the chronology backwards, but
this is boring and tedious, so I have written it in historical order.
For the
purpose of the first 3 days of Creation, we will define 1 day as one rotation of
the firmament around the earth. For an explanation of the firmament, see
the Geocentric Home Page.
Creation began at the fall
equinox of 4140 b.c.e., which was at hypothetical sunset for 10/24/4140 b.c.e.
(Julian date: 209585.15). On the fourth day (10/27 light set to 10/28
sunset) the heavanly bodies were created. The time just after 10/27 light
set corresponds to the first new moon, making the fourth day of the week the
first day of the month of Ethanim (Tishri). This point also begins the
first year of the sabbatical cycle, and the first year of the Jubilee cycle.
It should
be noted that all the planets were placed on the day side of the earth, so
that they were not visible at night (though possibly in the daytime, they
were visible via the "windows of heaven.") If we assume
that the first day of creation began with the fall equinox, then the as
yet uncertain value for the exact precession of the equinoxes can be
precisely calculated. My calculations, based upon accepted data, place the
equinox about 24 hours too early, but this may be within the acceptable error
for the equinox for 6137 B.P. (before present). Another explanation may be
that during the long day of Joshua (if it was 24 hours and not 12 hours longer),
that the sun's daily motion stopped, but that its path through the year did
not. This would then synchronize the equinox for the first of the day of
the week in the fall of 4140 b.c.e.
The calculated equinox was 10/23/4140
b.c.e. at 12h 51m 45s. The sun was at 180 deg, 0 min, 0.00 sec ecliptic
longitude. It was Julian date 209,584.04, or 1.11 days before the
beginning of the first day of creation. This amounts to a total deviation
of 1.094 degrees. The yearly motion of the sun is about 1 degree per day.
It is
reasonable to assume that God created the world so that the axis of the planned
location for the sun was parallel to the equator at the start, and
that the monthly cycle began at the creation of the moon. For God is a God
of order and beauty. Second, the odds of the monthly cycle beginning on
the fourth day of the week is 1/7. Third, the odds of the terminator bisecting
future panagea are no better than 1/4. For we should assume that
"evening and morning" are from the viewpoint of man, who was to be
created in Eden in the near east, and placed at the center of the land.
Furthermore, on a round world, the official day might as well begin in the
middle of the land mass. To the west of the terminator, it would
technically be "evening" (setting), and also to the east. For
evening is from noon to midnight. So it was evening for all of the the
land. But for the point of Eden it was at sunset.
Fourthly, the odds of the sabbatical cycle beginning in that exact year are
1/49. So what are the odds of this arrangement happening by
accident? [1/29 * 1/7 * 1/4 * 1/ 49 = 1/39,788] The odds are 1 in
39,788! Now, all of this does not have to be true, but it clearly appears
to be the case from the chronology. I must also say, that I did not
go looking for this synchronism before I computed the date of creation from the
Bible alone. In fact, I did not find it until several years after I had
arrived at 4140 b.c.e. I would say that this kind of finding is the type
of thing that one can have reasonable confidence in until a better theory comes
along, if ever!
Note: if we eliminate the uncertain equinox from the calculation, and do away
with the assumption that the terminator must bisect the land mass, then the
calculation becomes 1/7*1/49 = 1/343.
Astronomical Data: (output of aa.exe)
Fall Equinox: 10/23/-4140 12h:27m
7. ETHANIM (Tishri)
TUE
10/27/-4140 30 days Jul:
209588.15
8. BUL (Marchesvan)
THR
11/26/-4140 30 days Jul:
209618.13
9.
Kislev
SAB
12/26/-4140 29 days Jul:
209648.12
10.
Tebeth
SUN
1/24/-4139 30 days Jul:
209677.12
11.
Shebat
TUE
2/23/-4139 29 days Jul:
209707.13
12.
Adar
WED
3/24/-4139 30 days Jul:
209736.15
* Months begin at sunset on the
day listed (not the day before)
* Months in capital letters are Pre-exilic biblical names
* All other month names are post exilic
Hebrew-Babylonian
* I have
taken the liberty to replace 'Tammuz' with 'Shoshana'
* since 'Tammuz,' (the the son of Semiramis, who
styled herself
* the 'Queen of
Heaven,') should not by honoured by a month name.
7. ETHANIM (Tishri) 10/27/-4140
UT: 15h:41m LMT: (UT+2hrs) 17h:41m DT: 32.302
8. BUL
(Marchesvan) 11/26/-4140 UT: 15h: 8m LMT: (UT+2hrs) 17h: 8m DT:
32.301
9.
Kislev
12/26/-4140 UT: 14h:49m LMT: (UT+2hrs) 16h:49m DT: 32.300
10.
Tebeth
1/24/-4139 UT: 14h:53m LMT: (UT+2hrs) 16h:53m DT: 32.300
11.
Shebat
2/23/-4139 UT: 15h:11m LMT: (UT+2hrs) 17h:11m DT: 32.299
12.
Adar
3/24/-4139 UT: 15h:30m LMT: (UT+2hrs) 17h:30m DT: 32.298
* UT = Universal Time |
LMT = Local Mean Time | DT = TDT - UT
* TDT = Terrestrial Dynamical Time (TDT = DT
+ UT)
* The time is that
of sunset on the stated date at Jerusalem
7. ETHANIM (Tishri)
AL: 18.1 AV: 11.3 AN: 6.6 D: 4.7 PR: <7
8. BUL (Marchesvan) AL: 22.1 AV: 11.9 AN: 6.0
D: 6.0 PR: -4.7
9.
Kislev
AL: 25.3 AV: 14.3 AN: 3.8 D: 10.6 PR: -1.0 AMBpr
10.
Tebeth
AL: 17.4 AV: 11.0 AN: 6.9 D: 4.1 PR: <7
11.
Shebat
AL: 20.8 AV: 16.8 AN: 6.8 D: 10.0 PR: -3.5
12.
Adar
AL: 13.9 AV: 12.0 AN: 8.0 D: 3.9 PR: <7
* AL = Arc of Light =
Angular distance between sun and moon
* AV = Arc of Vision = Difference
between sun and moon altitude
* AN = Arc Needed for Visibility (altitude
difference)
* D = AV-AN
(AV over or under that needed).
* AMB = Ambiguous (New Moon uncertain when
D<2.0 degrees.
* PR =
notes on circumstances of previous day
Sabbatical Year Cycle
Year No. 1. begins: 4140
b.c.e. Ends: 4139 b.c.e.
Year No. 2. begins: 4139 b.c.e. Ends:
4138 b.c.e.
Year No. 3. begins: 4138
b.c.e. Ends: 4137 b.c.e.
Year No. 4. begins: 4137 b.c.e. Ends:
4136 b.c.e.
Year No. 5. begins: 4136
b.c.e. Ends: 4135 b.c.e.
Year No. 6. begins: 4135 b.c.e. Ends:
4134 b.c.e.
Year No. 7. begins: 4134
b.c.e. Ends: 4133 b.c.e. Sabbatical Year
Year No. 50. begins: 4091
b.c.e. Ends: 4090 b.c.e.Jubilee Year
The
ancient world had a stong magnetic field, which since its creation, or shortly
thereafter, has lost energy to the present day. This is deduced from the
measured decay in the strength of the earth's main magnetic field in the last
two centuries. The earth's magnetic field is produced by a free electrical
current circulating in the core of the earth, but since this free current
tends to behave like a river current with its eddies, backwashes, and undertows,
it cannot simply be measured at one spot at one time to determine its
strength. Many measurements must be taken at many locations over the
period of an "epoch," say about a year, and then statistical
analysis performed to eliminate the anomolies, or "noise" as Dr.
Thomas G. Barnes calls it. The result is that the total energy of the
field has been decaying ever since man began measuring it.
As the magnetic field is
produced by a free current in the core of the earth, theory predicts that any
movement of a large magnetized or charged mass through the earth's magnetic
field will produce extreme instability in the field, including rapid
reversals. Such instability was caused by (1) sudden movement of the
continental hydroplates in the drift phase of the flood, (2) upward flows of
mantle fluids, (3) collapse of the canopy. The compression of the
hydroplates also created magnetic anomolies. Evidence for rapid reversals
on the order of two weeks to seven
days was found by
Robert S. Coe and Michel Prevot when they were researching thin lava flows (see,
Earth and Planetary Science Letters.) The field was found to have turned
through 90 degrees in one lava flow while it cooled down. See Creation
Magazine, Vol. 15, No. 3, pages 20- 23. Dr. Russell Humphreys, Ph.d., also
reports that Coe "has done it again." As for other
evolutionists, Coe reports "They don't want to believe it." Coe,
himself is not a creationist.
The
Scripture speaks of a structure above the earth called the "windows of
heaven," which has been equated with the "raqiya" or
"expanse." This is probably a mistake. The raqyia is the
whole "firmament" or structure in which the created universe is
placed. The heavenly bodies are in the raqiya or "expanse" as
some translations have it.
The Hebrew word
"raqiya" implies a beaten out metalic sheet or spherical dome.
Early theorists thought that the source of the rain during the flood came from
the waters above this expanse. We now know that the water came from under
the continents (See Dr. Walter Brown, Ph.d., In The Beginning). And Dr.
Russell Humphreys has shown that the rest of the Universe was made out of these
waters above (Starlight and Time). So, as far as we know, a canopy is not
necessary to explain anything at all. The question, then, is whether to
take the words "windows of heaven" figuratively for literally.
If we take it literally, then there may have been some sort of structure above
the earth. What would hold it up? Perhaps some type of
superconducting magnetic levitation.
One thing is probably certain,
though. The earth's preflood atmosphere was denser than at present.
The rain
during the flood was produced by water squeezed out from under miles of
continental rock at extreme presurre, so that its velocity was sufficent to
rocket it 150-200 miles above the earth's surface, where it subsequently,
froze, atomized, and fell back to earth as rain. In the process the
[theoretical] canopy was sliced through exactly above the 40,000 mile mid
oceanic ridge.
The canopy itself was
probably not in orbit. It was stationary at about 55 miles of
altitude, where the temperature presently is about -130 F.. If
the canopy were in orbit, calculations show that its reentry would heat
the earth atmosphere hot enough to vaporize all life. On the other hand,
if a stationary canopy fell to earth from 55 miles, its terminal
velocity would only raise its temperature to a small fraction compared to
falling from orbit. This still leaves a few hundred degrees of heat to
dissapate. If the intial temperature of the canopy was between 5 and 10 K
(close to absolute zero), then we would not have a heat problem. We would
have a cold problem. It is probable that the material it was constructed out of
was superconducting at a much higher temperature, say at -100 F, so the
problem would be one of heat. This heat was dissapated by waters
from below jetting up to mix with the canopy substance. The waters from
below were of vastly greater volume than the canopy substance, hence the heat
problem is solved.
This leaves the question
as to what held the canopy (the windows of heaven) up. The downward
gravitational force of the canopy would have to be equalized, and held in place,
and at the same time it would have to be kept from crashing into the earth via
drift. The only possible known mechanism for this is a powerful
electromagnetic field. The canopy would have to be superconducting, and it
would have to have a free current in it such that its polarity opposed the
earth's magnetic field. The net effect would levitate the canopy and also
hold it firmly in place. At present the substance of the canopy is
unknown, but we predict that a suitable substance will be metalic, transparent,
and capable of superconduction.
Scientists at Livermore
National Laboratory, in June of 1996 acheived a metalic state of liquid
hydrogen, with greatly reduced electrical resistance, but it is not known at
this time if it is superconducting, or if it will remain in the metallic state
at much lower pressures, or higher temperatures. Another possible
substance is a higher form of ice. There are at least ten known forms of
ice. Common ice is called Ice I, and the highest theoretical form is
called Ice XII. Each form of ice has its own unique properties.
Prediction: Scientists will continue to discover materials
whose properties come closer to the requirements of the pre flood
canopy. Prediction: if no perfect substance is discoverd, creation
scientiests will be able to design a suitable structure from composite
materials. Note: Carl Baugh implied that the canopy had to be metallic
hydrogen, and that it was experimentally suitable. This is a myth.
Metallic hydrogen had not even been produced in the laboratory when he said
this, hence his statement was a wild guess. The shame is that he
represented it as a known fact. However, his idea of a canopy is a
good one.
The magnetic field would
cause the canopy to fall in a unique way. It would continue to levitate
while the waters below piled up and distributed over the top of it. Since
the waters shooting above the canopy would be atomized, it would pile up in fine
ice particles (full of salt). At the same time, to conserve
angular momentum, the ice particles would drift westward distributing themselves
over the canopy until the weight was so great that it collapsed everywhere else
releasing its load of cryogenic water, which warmed to normal temperatures on
its way back
down. At the poles, however, it was a
different matter. The largest sections of canopy, now cut loose, would
tend to follow the lines of magnetic force converging on the polar regions,
where the largest dumps of cryogenic ice and canopy substance would fall.
Only, this time most of the descent heat would be compensated for by the
continued dillution with the fountains of the deep. It would therefore fall at
the poles in a freezing condition with high wind chill factors.
The function seems to be
as the "windows of heaven," which implies that its primary
function was a viewing device for heavenly bodies. It may have had
some unique optical effects. One potential problem that remains to be
solved is maintaining it under high pressure, or removing heat, so as to
maintain condictions at the right temperature and pressure. One way to
pressurize it is to squeeze it between magnetic lines of force. It could
be cooled via some laser cooling mechanism.
As is usual in science, a
host of unanswered questions are created for each new discovery. The
ancients would have not even worried about a cooling problem, since they
didn't even know enough to know that there might be a cooling
problem. Now we have learned that there might be one. The
usual pattern of discovery, however, is to learn about the problem before the
solution is found. In the meantime, the "solutions" become the
stuff of hard core science fiction and tenative hypothesis. And then,
today's science fiction becomes tomorrows realities.
The advantage of
creationism, is that we have a divine outline to explore in the Scripture.
Untold discoveries have been made by following the scientific implications of
theological statements in the bible. We have the advantage of being
able to postulate as much initial design and order in the universe as is
necessary to explain what is observed today, and to give a comprehensible
explanation of the statements in the Scripture.
Any theory, of course,
must be tested by its predictions, and by a principle known as parsimony.
Parsimony means the "infrequent use of assumptions." A good
biblical cosmology, will therefore, start with a small set of intial
condictions (assumptions), and stick to the clear statements of the text,
while maximizing the results that follow based upon the application of
natural laws of physics. A poor theory, ends up making assumptions along
the way, which do not accord with the laws of physics. At the same
time, divine intervention cannot be ruled out. When
divine intervention occurs, though, it appears that God has a habit of
telling us when and where He intervened. A good case and point would be
the trigger mechanism for the global flood. Aside from that all
naturalistic theories, including the naturalistic parts of creationist theories,
cannot explain the causes of the first cause.
Evolutionary theory, in
the pure naturalistic sense, is not supposed to invoke unknown causes beyond the
known laws of physics, however, it does anyway. Case and point: the big
bang. Case and point: the energy to run the dynamo theories of the earth's
magnetic field. Case and point: the removal of metals from the seas.
Case and point: subduction zones in the tetonic plate theory. In the
final analysis the evolutionist is the one who invokes the "miracle
cause" most frequently. More and more evolutionists, of course,
are beginning to recognize this, and are
therefore
turning to mystical "new age" explanations for the origin of
life. Nevertheless, the parsimony quotient of their theories will remain
poor, and the predictive value questionable at best.
Evolutionary authors tell
us about terraformed science fiction worlds of the highest order of
design. Some of them even have canopies. Remember "Buck Rogers
and the 25th century?" Evolutionary scientists hold out hope that man
will someday achieve such wonders, and all the while they miss the fact that our
world is the disintigrated remains of a world that was designed and
"terraformed" beyond their wildest dreams.
This is an enumerated date. Its decimal range is date.00 to
date.99999. In this case 130.00 to 130.99.
The total years to the Disembarking
are |-4139.25 minus -2478.593| = 1660.657 years. The 1656 years usually calculated is the theoretical
minimum. The probablity of the minimum being the case is less than 1/49 =
1/262,144 (allowing four choices in the birth year, 0, 1/4, 1/2, 3/4 for 9
generation gaps). Otherwise, the writer of the texts had to engineer the
numbers contrary to reality. We shall see later that the writer did
engineer the numbers quite skillfully to keep simpletons from being in too great
an error. But, He did it in such a way as to preserve the complete reality
of the situation!
First, contrary to other chronologies, each
son was born sometime in the stated year, not on the exact birthday of the
father. Hence Seth was born 6 months into Adam's 130th year in this
chronology. In the end, all deviations from the middle of the stated year
cancel out, leaving a fraction well within the standard deviation. For a
possible objection to this method, click here.
Second, from the Astronomical Syncronisms, and sabbatic
and jubilee periods, it is evident that conception reckoning of age was instituted by Enoch four generations
before the flood. It also appears that this custom, started by Enoch, with
his son grandson Lamech, was continued as far as we call tell until the bondage
in Egypt. It necessitates including 9 months of gestation (0.75 year) in
the age of each person. The probable reason for the institution of
conception dating was to testify against the practice of Abortion, which no
doubt was practiced in
the last few generations up to
the flood.
It might be objected that it is stated that each patriarch lived so many years
after the birth of his son. Adam lived 130 years up to Seth's birth
(accutally 130.5 for our purposes). But he lived 800 years after that, for
a total of 930. -4139.25+930 = -3209.25 = 930thB; But Seth was born in
-4008.75, so -4008.75 + 800 -1 = -3209.75 = 800thB; 800thE= -3208.75, but since
800thB < 930thB < 800thE we have proved it within the limits.
The year of
the flood is confirmed by an astronomical synchronism of 4 30 day months in a row between
the 2nd and 7th months. Originally I had the flood in 2484 b.c.e., because
I had assumed that sons were born exactly at the birthday of the father, which
is unlikely unless the biblical writer cooked up an artificial scheme. But I
knew that there had to be a synchronism for this year. I looked for it
briefly several years ago and failed, but not for lack of a good
synchronism. It was for lack of a program good enough for 3000
b.c.e. I ended up having to write the program myself based upon code
supplied by a JPL scientist. The resulting program proved to work all the
way back to creation as well, which is about a thousand years beyond the
certified parameters of the code. The same results
can be verified with other astronomical software, but it is a painstaking
process. For the program I wrote, of which the principles are described in
the Sabbath Resurrection, can grind out a year's
worth of new moons in about 30 seconds on a lowly 386.
Astronomy produces two
possible years that will work with the Scripture, 2481, and 2480 b.c.e, for the
date of the flood. I did not know which year it was until I started to
study flood chronology in detail in David L. Cooper's book, Messiah: His first Coming Scheduled. It turns
out that 2480 is the correct year:
Ziv
29
days
Second Month
Sivan
30
days
Third Month
Shoshana 30
days
Fourth Month
Av
30
days
Fifth Month
Elul
30
days
Sixth Month
Tishri
30
days
Seventh Month
Astronomical Data from aa.exe:
All the New Moons of the Year
1. AVIV
(Nisan) TUE
4/11/-2480 29 days
Jul: 815704.16
2. ZIV
(Iyyar)
WED 5/10/-2480
29 days Jul: 815733.17
3.
Sivan
THR 6/
8/-2480 30
days Jul: 815762.18
4.
Shoshana
SAB 7/
8/-2480 30
days Jul: 815792.19
5.
Av
MON 8/ 7/-2480
30 days Jul: 815822.20
6.
Elul
WED 9/ 6/-2480
30 days Jul: 815852.18
7. ETHANIM
(Tishri) FRI 10/
6/-2480 30
days Jul: 815882.16
8. BUL
(Marchesvan) SUN 11/ 5/-2480 29 days
Jul: 815912.13
9.
Kislev
MON 12/ 4/-2480 30
days Jul: 815941.12
10.
Tebeth
WED 1/
3/-2479 29
days Jul: 815971.12
11.
Shebat
THR 2/
1/-2479
29 days Jul: 816000.13
12.
Adar
FRI 3/
2/-2479
30 days Jul: 816029.14
* Months begin at sunset on the
day listed (not the day before)
The
first dated event of the flood year is the entry date into the Ark. It was
the 17th day of the 2nd month (Gen. 7:11-13). It was also on that same day
that the flood began. The 17th day of Ziv was a Sabbath, i.e. sunset
5/26/2480 b.c.e. to sunset 5/27/2480 b.c.e. For God had told them that He
would send the flood in seven days time (Gen. 7:4). The entry into the
Ark, therefore, becomes a double picture of salvation rest. For in
the Sabbath we find refuge from the cares of the world.
Now the time from the
entry into the ark till it rested on the top of the mountains of Ararat was 150
days. The counting must be done inclusively. The 17th day of the 2nd
month is the first day, and the 17th day of the 7th month is the 150th day (Gen.
8:4), viz. 5/27/2480 to 10/23/2480, or Julian day 815750 to Julian day
815899 [815899 - 815750 + 1=150]. The ark came to rest on a Monday.
Then
the text mentions that the mountains became visible on the first day of the
tenth month, which would be 1/4/2479 b.c.e., a Thursday (Gen. 8:5). Then
we are told "At the end of forty days ... Noah sent a raven out"
(Gen. 8:6-7). Do the forty days date from the resting of the ark or
from the sighting of the mountains? Consider the case of the dove. A
dove is otherwise known as a pigeon. Noah's purpose was to find out if the
waters had "abated." The Hebrew word implies be slighted,
lightened, shaken, or trifled. If the mountains were already visible, then
it would be obvious that this was the case; but more importantly, "The dove
found no place to set her foot ... for the waters were still upon all of the
earth" (Gen. 8:9). Now a pigeon does not just fly around like a crow
or raven. Three-hundred miles is nothing to the average adult
pigeon. "The annual Belgian concours national, a race of about 500
miles from Toulouse to Brussels, was inaugurated in 1881, .... The velocity
attained at that time was about 1250 yds. per minute, but this was soon
surpassed ... [with a winner at] 1836 yds. per minute" (Encylopedia
Britanica, 11th Edition, pigeon flying). If any mountaintops were visible
(really they would be small islands at first) for a hundred miles, the dove
would have found a place to set down. If the dove did not see anything,
rest assured the eight people on the ark didn't either.
Hence, the text should be
read,
And came to rest the ark in the seventeenth day of the seventh month
upon the mountains of Ararat. And the waters continued to abate even
to the tenth month. On the first day of the tenth month were seen the tops
of the mountains.
But it happened at the end
of [the] fortieth day that Noah opened the window of the ark
which he made (Gen. 8:4-6).
Now in
Gen. 4:3 it says at the end of days, meaning the Sabbath day at the end of the
days of the week. Here, we have a similar construction, "at the end
of the fortieth day." Only here, the word "day" is
singular, and hence the numeral is to be construed as ordinal. It, was
thus just after the 40th day from the grounding on Ararat, and like Gen. 4:3,
this also was the Sabbath. One counts 40 days inclusively from the 17th day of
the 7th month to the 26th day of the 8th month (12/1/2480).
The next day is 12/2/2480,
which was the Sabbath day. On this day, Noah sent out a Raven, which went
in and out. The Raven was not sent out for any particular purpose other
than to give it its freedom. Seven days later, on the 5th day of
Kislev (12/9/2480), it was again the Sabbath, and he sent out the dove, which
found nothing. So Noah waited another seven days till Kislev 15 (Sabbath,
12/16/2480), and sent the dove out in the morning. It was gone until the
evening. If this antediluvian dove was a good pigeon, it could have
searched for the world record of up to 1000 miles to find a mountaintop
Island. The Olive leaf it found was the result of the uprooted root ball
of an adult tree imbedded in the mud on one of these "Islands."
It had started growing again as soon as this tangled mess had
poked through the receeding water.
The next Sabbath was
12/23/2480 b.c.e., the 19th of the month of Kislev. This time the dove did
not return. Twelve days later they saw the tops of the mountains
themselves, on Thursday 1/4/2479. On Monday, 4/2/2479, on the first day of
Aviv, the ground was dry. And on the 27th of Ziv, the 2nd month, the first
day of the week 5/26/2479 2b.c.e., Julian date 816115, they left the ark.
Sabbath
5/27/2480 Flood
Begins
Gen. 7:4, 11-13
Monday
10/23/2480 Ark
Rests
Gen. 8:4
Sabbath
12/2/2480
Raven
Gen. 8:6-7
Sabbath
12/9/2480
Dove
Gen. 8:8-9
Sabbath
12/16/2480
Dove
Gen. 8:10-11
Sabbath
12/23/2480 Dove
leaves
Gen. 8:12
Thursday
1/4/2479 Mountains
seen Gen. 8:5
Monday
4/1/2479 Ground is
Dry
Gen. 8:13
Sunday
5/26/2479 They
disembark Gen. 8:14-17
Sabbath
Noah build's an altar Gen. 8:20-22
Now, it should
be noted that the chronology serves to show that the seventh day now
called the "Sabbath" is indeed the correct day of the week from
creation. For the creation week astronomy confirms it, and the flood
chronology confirms it. There is another year, 2473, which might
also work with the chronological data. It also will confirm the
Sabbaths. The problem with 2473, however, is that the Jubilee cycle would
be broken up, and the dove is first sent after the mountains are seen, so that
she would have a place to set her foot.
The actual overall length of the chronology is fixed by
the sabbatic and Jubilee periods and the flood astronomical synchronism.
The continued counting of the gestation period, here, allows us to match the
synchronism without contradicting the biblical text. Also the overall
length of the chronology is exactly the same as traditionally computed.
For the time added before the flood is exactly compensated for by
the time subtracted after the flood throught the use of conception dating, and a
few other minor adjustments. We allow 9 months, or 3/4 of a year for each
gestation period.
The date of creation is dependent on the sabbatical and jubilee cycles and the individual datums of each life span being within standard deviations. It also lines up the the lunar cycle beginning on the 4th day of the week, and the equinox for the fall. The flood is determined by Astronomy to be either 2481 ro 2480 b.c.e., and this is narrowed to 2480 by the events on the weekly cycle. The flood began in the spring after the equinox, so that the first year after the flood would begin in the fall, as all era's are computed on a Tishri basis. This means that Arphaxshad must be born within the second year after the flood. Hence we pick -2478.00 {+1.75,-0.25} This allows Shem to be 100.5 years old when he is born. The potential errors here come from some gratuitous assumptions, the largest being that "after the flood" means after it began, or after the flood waters were upon the earth, which was complete by the 150th day, and not after they got off the ark. This contributes +1 to the error. The -0.25 error reflects the fact that Arphaxshad could have been born as early as the first day of the second year, and the extra +0.75 (1+0.75=1.75) relects the fact that he could have been born as late as the end of the second year after they got off the ark. Hence, Arphaxshad was born absolutedly within the limits. The date we picked is targeted as close to the statistical mean as we can make it.
The information contained in this page
is copywrited. You may link to this page. You may copy it for
personal use. You may make hardcopies for distribution. You may not
sell the information here. You may not publish and sell hard copies or
electronic versions. The same laws that apply to other media apply here.
It is the only chronology to
place the birth of each son within the stated year and not at the beginning of
the stated year. It is the only chronology that recognizes the possibility
of conception dating of ages. This chronology relies only on the
Massoretic Text, the Samaritan and Greek versions being rejected.
This is a
chronology, which if taken seriously, will cause a revolution in archeaology,
ancient history, and biblical theology. It is a chronology which comes to
the aid and assistance of a down trodden people, a people who are persecuted for
being Jews, yet believing in the Messiah. It is a chronology that will be
rejected, not for scholarly reasons, but because of fear, tradition, and the
fact that the Church and the world will not like its results or
implications. But it is the truth.
This is a chronology which must be studied
and verified to be fully appreciated. Yes, you must do some subtractions,
some additions, and a lot of looking up of biblical texts, and some checking of
Greek dictionaries when we discuss a few mistranslations. Yet God
put a whole lot of numbers in the Bible for a good reason. Do some work
and find out why. It took me fifteen years to figure it out. It will
take you a month, if you are diligent. So be patient.
Some chronologers make theological
assumptions, and then cook up a scheme to fit the assumptions. Others
study chronology for its own sake. And others yet, because objective study
of it appears to confirm truths they already hold. This is the case with
this chronology.
There was a
time when I had only a partial solution, a time when I had no confidence in the
whole, and a time when I could not in good conscience say what I have just said
above. This chronology is, however, not the end of the issue. There
remains a vast amount of beneficial work to be done.
Abram's birth must be figured from the fact that he left
Haran when his father died at age 205 (Acts
7:1-4; Gen. 12:1-4). Abram was 75. Therefore Terah was 205-75 =
130 at Abram's birth.
This is
the departure point for the 430 year sojourn (Gal.
3:17; Exodus 12:40-41 1 ) The Acts passage makes
it clear that Abraham was called out of Ur, and God hereafter speaks of
bringing him out of Ur. It is therefore, not proper to date the sojourn
from the departure from Haran. The 430 year computation is: -2061.75
+ 430.0 = 1631.75 (1632 b.c.e.), which is the time of the Exodus. This
date for the departure from Ur is derived by adding 430 years to the Exodus
(1631.75). However, this does not determine the chronology. The
chronology is determined by the 400 years from Isaac to the Exodus.
Martin Anstey, and David L. Cooper error greatly at this point by dating the 430
years from Abram's leaving Haran. For the sojourn had begun when
they left their homes in Ur, where God had first called him. Cooper
and Anstey suppose that the 400 years of (Gen. 15:13)2 dates from the feast
that Abram made when Isaac was weaned.(Gen. 21:8), which they suppose was 5 years after his
birth. But in fact the prophecy said "Thy seed shall be a
stranger in a land that is not theirs ... four hundred years." That
leaves out 5 years of Isaac's
being a stranger in a land
not his. They thereby add five years to their chronologies throwing
everything out of phase with the sabbatical periods, and created not one, but
two falsehoods, (1) that the sojourn did not begin from Ur, and (2) leaving out
5 years of Isaac's sojorn. Abraham left Ur on the 15th day of the
1st month, "the selfsame day" as the Exodus.
1. This text is
also badly rendered, but the KJV linked here is the best. The phrase
"who dwelt in Egypt" does not refer to the whole time. Rather,
we should punctuate it as in the Companion Bible, "Now the sojourning of the children of Israel, (who dwelt in Egypt), was
four hundred and thirty years.
2. The text is poorly
punctuated or mistranslated in most bibles. The proper rendering is,
"Know of a surety that thy seed shall be a stranger
in a land that is not theirs, (and shall serve them; and they shall afflict
them) four hundred years;"
When he was 75 Abraham continued his sojourn from Ur by leaving Haran after the death of his father. Acts 7:4 states clearly what is strongly implied in the Hebrew text, i.e. that his father died first, and then he promptly continued the journey to Canaan.
The figure
0.63 year represents the time from the beginning of Noah's 600th year to the
beginning of the flood.
Updated 11/2/1997
9/1/6137 Anno Mundi.
legacy name: www.parsimony.org